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Other
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Self Design and Engineering |
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Aerodynamics
for Naval Aviators
by H.H. Hurt, Jr.
411 Pages
$17.95
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A
very complete book on aerodynamics. Airflow
theory, airfoil design, control & stability;
etc. And for all you Sam James fans; yes,
mach speed pressure waves too. Applicable
for both normal and high speed flight.
If you are interested in the subject, this is
the one to get. Somewhat technical
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| TABLE
OF CONTENTS |
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1: BASIC AERODYNAMICS
WING & AIRFOIL FORCES
PROPERTIES
OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Static pressure
Temperature
Density
Viscosity
Standard Atmosphere
Pressure Altitude
Density Altitude
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE AND SUBSONIC AIRFLOW
Bernoulli's
Equation
Airspeed Measurement
DEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC FORCES
Streamline pattern and pressure distribution
Generation of lift
Airfoil Technology
Aerodynamic force coefficient
Basic lift equation
Interpretation of the lift equation
Airfoil lift characteristics
Drag Characteristics
Airfoil Drag characteristics
FLIGHT AT HIGH LIFT CONDITIONS
Stall speeds
Effect of weight
Effect of maneuvering flight
Effect of high lift devices
Stall angle of attach and stall recovery
HIGH LIFT DEVICES
Types of high
lift devices
Operation of high lift devices
DEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC PITCHING MOMENTS
Pressure distribution
Center of pressure and aerodynamic center
Pitching moment coefficient
Application to longitudinal stability
FRICTION EFFECTS
Viscous flow
Boundary layers
Reynolds Number
Airflow separation
Scale effect
PLANFORM EFFECTS AND AIRPLANE DRAG
Description of planform
Development of lift by a wing
INDUCED DRAG
Induced angle of attack and inclined lift
Induced drag coefficient
Effect of lift
Effect of altitude
Effect of speed
Effect of aspect ratio
EFFECT OF TAPER AND SWEEPBACK
Spanwise lift distribution
Local induced flow
Effect on lift and drag characteristics
STALL PATTERNS
Favorable stall pattern
Effect of planform
Modifications for stall characteristics
PARASITE DRAG
Sources of parasite drag
Parasite drag coefficient
Parasite and induced drag
Effect of configuration
Effect of altitude
Effect of speed
AIRPLANE TOTAL DRAG
Drag variation with speed
Induced and parasite drag
Stall Speed
Minimum drag
Specific performance conditions
Compressibility drag rise
CHAPTER 2 AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE
REQUIRED THRUST AND POWER
DEFINITIONS
Parasite and induced drag
Thrust and power required
VARIATION OF THRUST AND POWER REQUIRED
Effect of gross weight
Effect of configuration
Effect of altitude
AVAILABLE THRUST AND POWER
PRINCIPLES OF PROPULSION
Mass flow, velocity change, momentum change
Newton's laws
Wasted power
Power available
Propulsion efficiency
TURBOJET ENGINES
Operating cycle
Function of the components
Turbojet operating characteristics
Turbojet operating limitations
Thrust augmentation
The gas turbine-propeller combination
THE RECIPROCATING ENGINE
Operating characteristics
Operating limitations
AIRCRAFT PROPELLERS
Operating characteristics
Operating limitations
ITEMS OF AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE
STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT
Equilibrium conditions
Thrust and power required
Thrust and power available
Maximum and minimum speed
CLIMB PERFORMANCE
Steady and transient climb
Climb performance
RANGE PERFORMANCE
General range performance
Range, propeller driven airplanes
Range, turbojet airplanes
Effect of wind on range
ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE
General endurance performance
Effect of altitude on endurance
OFF-OPTIMUM RANGE AND ENDURANCE
Reciprocating powered airplane
Turboprop powered airplane
Turbojet powered airplane
MANEUVERING PERFORMANCE
Relationships of accelerated motion
Takeoff performance
Factors affecting takeoff performance
Landing performance
Factors affecting landing performance
Importance of handbook performance
CHAPTER 3 HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICS
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND SUPERSONIC FLOW PATTERNS
NATURE OF COMPRESSIBILITY
Definition of Mach number
Subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic flight
regimes
Compressible flow conditions
Comparison of compressible and incompressible flow
TYPICAL SUPERSONIC FLOW PATTERNS
Oblique shock wave
Normal shock wave
Expansion wave
Effect on velocity, Mach number, density, pressure, energy
SECTIONS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW
Flow patterns
Pressure distribution
Wave drag
Location of aerodynamic centeR
CONFIGURATION EFFECTS
TRANSONIC AND SUPERSONIC CONFIGURATIONS
Airfoil sections
Planform effects
Control surfaces
Supersonic engine inlets
Supersonic configurations
AERODYNAMIC HEATING
Ram temperature rise
Effect on structural materials and powerplant performance
CHAPTER 4: STABILITY AND CONTROL
DEFINITIONS
STATIC STABILITY
DYNAMIC STABILITY
TRIM AND CONTROLLABILITY
AIRPLANE REFERENCE AXES
LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND CONTROL
STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
General considerations
Contribution of the component surfaces
Power-off stability
Power effects
Control force stability
Maneuvering stability
Tailoring control forces
LONGITUDINAL CONTROL
Maneuvering control requirement
Takeoff control requirement
Landing control requirement
LONGITUDINAL DYNAMIC STABILITY
Phugoid
Short period motions
MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS
Conventional
Boosted
Power operated
DIRECTIONAL STABILITY AND CONTROL
DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
Definitions
Contribution of the airplane components
Critical conditions
DIRECTIONAL CONTROL
Directional control requirements
Adverse yaw
Spin recovery
Slipstream rotation
Cross wind takeoff and landing
Asymmetrical power
LATERAL STABILITY AND CONTROL
LATERAL STABILITY
Definitions
CONTRIBUTION OF THE AIRPLANE COMPONENT
Wing
Fuselage and wing position
Sweepback
Vertical tail
LATERAL DYNAMIC EFFECTS
Directional divergence
Spiral divergence
Dutch roll
CONTROL IN ROLL
Rolling motion of an airplane
Rolling performance
Critical requirements
MISCELLANEOUS STABILITY PROBLEMS
LANDING GEAR CONFIGURATIONS
Tail wheel type
Tricycle type
Bicycle type
SPINS AND PROBLEMS OF SPIN RECOVERY
Principal prospin moments
Fundamental principle of recovery
Effect of configuration
PITCH-UP
Definition
Contribution of the airplane components
EFFECTS OF HIGH MACH NUMBER
Longitudinal stability and control
Directional stability
Dynamic stability and damping
PILOT INDUCED OSCILLATIONS
Pilot control system airplane coupling
High q and low stick force stability
ROLL COUPLING
Inertia and aerodynamic
coupling
Inertia and wind axes
Natural pitch, yaw and coupled pitch yaw frequencies
Critical roll rates
Autorative rolling
Operating limitations
HELICOPTER STABILITY AND CONTROL
Rotor gyroscopic effects
Cyclic and collective pitch
Longitudinal, lateral, and directional control
Angle of attack and velocity stability
Dynamic stability
CHAPTER 5: OPERATING STRENGTH LIMITATIONS
GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
STATIC STRENGTH
Limit load
Factor of safety
Material properties
SERVICE LIFE
Fatigue consideration
Load spectrum and cumulative damage
Creep considerations
AEROELASTIC EFFECTS
Stiffness and rigidity
AIRCRAFT LOADS AND OPERATING LIMITATIONS
FLIGHT LOADS - MANEUVERS AND GUSTS
Load factor
Maneuvering load factors
Gust load factors
Effect of overstress
THE Vn OR V g DIAGRAM
Effect of weight, configuration, altitude,
and symmetry of loading
Limit load factors
ultimate load factors
Maximum lift capability
Limit airspeed
Operating envelope
Maneuver speed and penetration of turbulence
EFFECT OF HIGH SPEED FLIGHT
Critical gust
Aileron reversal
Divergence
Flutter
Compressibility problems
LANDING AND GROUND LOADS
Landing load factor
Effect of touchdown rate OF descent
Effect of gross weight
Forced landing on unprepared surfaces
EFFECT OF OVERSTRESS ON SERVICE LIFE
Recognition of overstress damage
Importance of operating limitations
CHAPTER 6: APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMICS
TO SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF FLYING
PRIMARY CONTROL OF AIRSPEED AND ALTITUDE
Angle of attack versus airspeed
Rate of climb and descent
Flying technique
REGION OF REVERSED COMMAND
Regions of normal and reversed command
Features of flight in the normal and reversed regions
of command
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK INDICATOR AND THE
MIRROR LANDING SYSTEM
The angle of attack indicator
The mirror landing system
THE APPROACH AND LANDING
The approach
The landing flare and touchdown
Typical errors
THE TAKEOFF
Takeoff speed and distance
Typical errors
GUSTS AND WIND SHEAR
Vertical and horizontal gusts
POWER-OFF GLIDE PERFORMANCE
Glide angle and lift drag ratio
Factors affecting glide performance
The flameout pattern
EFFECT OF ICE AND FROST ON AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE
Effect of ice
Effect of Frost
ENGINE FAILURE ON THE MULTI-ENGINE AIRPLANE
Effect of weight and altitude
Control requirements
Effect on performance
Effect of turning flight and configuration
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN AIRPLANES IN FLIGHT
Effect of lateral, vertical, and longitudinal separation
Collision possibility
BRAKING PERFORMANCE
Friction characteristics
Braking technique
Typical errors of braking technique
REFUSAL SPEEDS, LINE SPEEDS, AND CRITICAL
FIELD LENGTH
Refusal speed
Line speeds
Critical field length, multi-engine operation
SONIC BOOMS
Shock waves and audible sound
Precautions
HELICOPTER PROBLEMS
Rotor aerodynamics
Retreating blade stall
Compressibility effects
Autoration characteristics
Power settling
THE FLIGHT HANDBOOK
SELECTED REFERENCES
INDEX |
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